ABSTRACT
INTRODUÇÃO: O Transtorno do Déficit de Atenção e Hiperatividade (TDAH) é um transtorno neurocomportamental caracterizado pela combinação de déficit de atenção, hiperatividade e impulsividade. Acarreta prejuízos à relação familiar, escolar e ao convívio social devido à impulsividade emocional aumentada e ausência de controle das em consequência do desenvolvimento cerebral tardio. OBJETIVO GERAL: Validar e traduzir para a língua portuguesa o instrumento Expression and Emotion Scale of Children - EESC. ESPECÍFICO: Avaliar a expressão emocional (EE) pelos pacientes com TDAH. MÉTODO: Aplicou-se a técnica Probe e testes psicométricos à validação. A avaliação da EE dos pacientes com TDAH, uma amostra de 126 sujeitos foi dividida em grupos quanto à comorbidade, idade e gênero. RESULTADOS: Diante da técnica Probe obteve-se 96,9% de compreensão à versão final traduzida e adaptada para o português. Cronbach alfa = 0,7597, CIC 0,66 e a acurácia 71%. Quando comparado amostra com TDAH e Controle, houve significância na EE favorável a amostra Controle. Não houve significância entre a amostra com TDAH com e sem comorbidade, em tratamento, e a mesma quanto ao gênero, na EE. Em relação à idade, a amostra de pacientes com TDAH obteve significância na mudança na EE favorável ao Controle, isto somente nos grupos de crianças/ adolescentes com mais de 9 anos de idade. CONCLUSÃO: Diante dos dados psicométricos, a Escala de Expressão e Emoção para Crianças demonstrou-se válida para ser aplicada a crianças e adolescentes com TDAH de 6 a 15 anos de idade. A avaliação possibilitou verificar diferencial na Expressão Emocional entre crianças/adolescentes com TDAH e Controle. Notou-se também que as fases do desenvolvimento psicológico influenciam na Expressão Emocional tanto em indivíduos saudáveis quanto naqueles com TDAH. A presença de comorbidades leves e o gênero não influenciam na mudança da Expressão Emocional quando comparados à amostra com TDAH.
INTRODUCTION: The Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurobehavioral disorder characterized by combination of attention deficit, hyperactivity and impulsivity. It was assumed that there is damage to family, school and relationship social due to emotional impulsivity increased and lack of the management because of the late brain development of the individual. GENERAL OBJECTIVE: Validate and translate for portuguese language the questionnaire Expression and Emotion Scale for Children - EESC. SPECIFIC: To evaluate the emotional expression (EE) by patients with ADHD. METHOD: It was applied the Probe technique and psychometric tests for the validation. The evaluation of the EE in patients with ADHD was to a sample of 126 subjects that were divided in groups of according to comorbidity, age and gender. RESULTS: On the Probe technique was obtained 96.9 % of understanding in the final version translated and adapted to Portuguese. Cronbach alfa = 0.7597, 0.66 CIC and the accuracy 71%. Compared with ADHD sample and Control, there was significance in the EE favorable sample Control. There was no significance in the EE between the sample with ADHD with and without comorbidity in treatment and in terms of gender. Regarding age, the sample of ADHD patients got significance in EE of in favor of Control, this only in groups of children / adolescents over 9 years old. CONCLUSIONS: Relative the psychometric data, the Expression and Emotion Scale for Children proved to valid to be applied for children and adolescents with ADHD of 6 to 15 years old. The assessment enabled us to verify differential in Emotional Expression among children / adolescents with ADHD and Control. It was also noted that the stages of psychological development influence the Emotional Expression in healthy individuals and in those with ADHD. And the presence of light comorbidities and gender did not influence the Emotional Expression when compared to the sample with ADHD.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Emotions , Statistics, Nonparametric , Surveys and Questionnaires , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/prevention & control , Behavior Rating Scale , Facial Expression , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/psychologyABSTRACT
Background: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common childhood neuro-developmental condition with early onset. ADHD affects children worldwide. However, there is a variation in the prevalence across different countries. In Nigeria, there is paucity of information on the prevalence. To provide the relevant information, a cross-sectional study was conducted between February and August 2006 among 1473 public primary school pupils aged 6-12 years selected systematically among pupils in Egor Local Government Area of Edo State. Materials and Methods: All the 1473 pupils were screened with the Disruptive Behavior Disorder (DBD) Rating Scale to identify children who had ADHD symptoms as contained in the DSM -IV. Such children were compared with randomly selected controls. The academic records of both the groups were also compared. Results: The prevalence of ADHD was 7.6%. The prevalence was higher in boys (9.4%) when compared to girls (5.5%) (P = 0.003). Of the three different subtypes of ADHD, the predominantly inattentive subtype (ADHD-I) was the most prevalent (47.3% of the ADHD population) followed by the combined type (ADHD-C; 31.3%), while the least prevalent was the hyperactive/impulsive subtype (ADHD-HI; 21.4%). There was no statistically significant difference in the prevalence of ADHD amongst the different age cohorts. Conclusion: The prevalence of ADHD was relatively high when compared to the figures available for other countries. For this reason, there is a need to pay increased attention to this condition in Nigeria. Community screening under the umbrella of the School Health Program could be of assistance
Subject(s)
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/diagnostic imaging , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/prevention & control , Child , Nigeria , Prevalence , StudentsABSTRACT
PURPOSE: In this study differences in behavioral problems between children at risk for Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) and normally developing children were identified. Further, relationships between parental stress, depression, and child behavioral problems according to ADHD symptoms were explored. METHODS: Participants were 222 elementary school children and their parents. The ADHD risk group was determined by the Korean-ADHD Rating Scale. Data were collected using the Korean-ADHD Rating Scale, Korean version of Child Behavior CheckList (K-CBCL), Parenting Stress Index, and Beck Depression Inventory. Data were analyzed using t-test, Pearson correlation coefficients, and regression analysis. RESULTS: 1) The ADHD risk group showed higher levels of behavioral problems, parenting stress, and maternal depression than the normal group. 2) There were significant relationships between ADHD scores and parenting stress (r=.66), maternal depression (r=.35), internal behavioral problems (r=.47), and external problems (r=.55), but, ADHD risk scores were negatively correlated with social competence (r=-.40). 3) The regression analysis revealed that ADHD levels affected the child's internal behavioral problems, mediated by maternal depression (beta=.29, p<.001). CONCLUSION: The study results show that higher risk scores for ADHD indicate a significant effect for behavioral problems. Also, parenting stress and depression influence child's behavioral problems. These results suggest that identification of children at risk for ADHD and development of parental education programs would contribute to the prevention of behavioral problems and aggravation of the ADHD symptoms.
Subject(s)
Adult , Child , Female , Humans , Male , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/prevention & control , Child Behavior Disorders/diagnosis , Depression , Parent-Child Relations , Parenting/psychology , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales , Risk , Stress, PsychologicalABSTRACT
A Ritalina, nome comercial do metilfenidato, tem sido cada vez mais produzida e consumida no Brasil. Somente entre 2002 e 2006, produção brasileira de metilfenidato, cresceu 465 por cento. Sua vinculação ao diagnóstico de TDAH tem sido fator predominante de justificativa para tal crescimento. Entretanto, os discursos que circulam em torno do tema e legitimam seu uso também contribuem para o avanço nas vendas. Estes discursos não estão despojados de atravessamentos sociais e são o objeto de estudo desta pesquisa. Este trabalho tem por objetivo fazer uma análise das publicações brasileiras sobre os usos da Ritalina, de 1998, ano em que o medicamento foi autorizado no Brasil, até 2008. Para tanto, realizamos uma busca em todos os periódicos de psiquiatria brasileiros indexados na base Scielo, assim como nos jornais e revistas direcionados para o público em geral com maior tiragem. Em nossa análise, discutimos quais pontos são priorizados e quais são omitidos nos discursos sobre o metilfenidato no Brasil, e quais são seus possíveis efeitos na prática clínica com o paciente. Além disso, as diferenças nas prioridades de informações encontradas nos dois tipos de publicação, leiga e científica, também são discutidas neste trabalho.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Drug Evaluation , Methylphenidate/adverse effects , Methylphenidate , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/diagnosis , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/prevention & control , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/psychology , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/therapy , Brazil/ethnology , Periodical , Psychiatry , Scientific Communication and DiffusionABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder [ADHD] among male primary school children. Cross-sectional study. Male primary schools, Dammam, Saudi Arabia. One thousand two hundred and eighty-seven students, aged 6-13 years, in 67 government and 10 private primary schools were selected by multistage systematic random sampling. Data were collected using two types of questionnaires: the modified Arabic version of the Attention Deficit Disorders Evaluation Scale [ADDES] school version, and Parents' questionnaire to diagnose the three main subtypes of ADHD namely: inattention, hyperactivity-impulsivity, and combined ADHD. It was found that the majority of the boys were from government schools [83.0%], aged 6-<9 years [40.5%] and of Saudi nationality [80.7%]. One thousand two hundred and sixty-eight out of 1287 completed all parts of the questionnaire concerned with diagnosing all the three types of ADHD. The overall prevalence of combined ADHD was 16.4% [208], 12.4% [157] hyperactivity-impulsivity and 16.3% [207] inattention disorders respectively. The study also revealed a variety of socioeconomic factors to be significantly associated with the development of ADHD. These included parents' low level of education, mother's occupation, and low socioeconomic status. In this study, the overall prevalence of ADHD was higher than previous studies in Saudi population. ADHD prevention and control should be an integral part of the primary health care [family medicine] system. Education and training programs for parents, school teachers, and caregivers regarding different aspects of ADHD should be established
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Students , Child , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/prevention & control , Primary Health Care , Parent-Child Relations , Health Education , Schools , Cross-Sectional Studies , Surveys and Questionnaires , PrevalenceABSTRACT
O transtorno de déficit de atençäo e hiperatividade 9TDAH) é caracterizado por grau de desatençäo inapropriado para a idade e/ou hiperatividade/impulsividade. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar as características sociodemogrâficas de uma populaçäo de crianças portadoras de TDAH atendida em ambulatório especializado para tal transtorno. Na populaçäo estudada, observamos maior prevalência no sexo masculino, em idade escolar, da cor branca. Mais de 10 por cento da amostra apresentou pelo menos uma repetência escolar. Os resultados obtidos estäo de acordo com dados da literatura que demostram uma maior prevalência de TDAH entre meninos, cujo diagnóstico é feito especialmente na idade escolar, quando os sintomas säo mais bem percebidos por interferirem no aprendizado, o que muitas vezes é responsável por significativos índices de repetência
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Adolescent Psychiatry , Child Psychiatry , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/diagnosis , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/prevention & controlABSTRACT
Los trastornos hipercineticos, también conocidos como trastornos por déficit de atención, son un tema de permanente actualidad en la psiquiatria del niño y el adolescente. En el presente trabajo revisamoslos aspectos sobresalientes de esta enfermedad, no solo en el interes de exponer los avences etiológicos, sino también para ofrecer ciertas pautas básicas que orientan la labor terapéutica, en procura de una mejor calidad de vida para estos ninos y sus familias.